NFKB1 and vitamin D deficiency: Evidence strongly suggests that vitamin D has an anti-inflammatory effect by preventing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and promoting the production of IL-10, which have a significant role in the progression of CVD.39,50,51 Vitamin D deficiency induces arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction in blood vessels, which in turn leads to enhanced inflammation, endothelial cell malfunction, and atherogenesis.27,52