TGFB1 and cystic fibrosis: This is in sharp contrast to what is seen in adult cardiac tissue: when destabilized by injury, environmental stimuli (e.g., cytokine transforming growth factor β1 or TGF-β1 (Brown et al., 2005; Aránguiz-Urroz et al., 2011; Biernacka et al., 2011; Kawaguchi et al., 2011; Gao et al., 2016; Cho et al., 2018)) induce CF transition to a myofibroblast phenotype (Cho et al., 2018).