The activation of NF-κB by IL-6 in colon epithelial cells may contribute to increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), an important mediator in the recruitment of neutrophils to inflammatory sites.343 Furthermore, NF-κB activation in intrinsic intestinal fibroblasts leads to increased expression of cytokines like IL-8, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein.344 This suggests that colonic fibroblasts can participate in the immunopathogenesis of IBD in an NF-κB-dependent manner. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and inflammatory bowel disease.