MAPK8 and Insulin resistance: Activation of pro-inflammatory signals such as NF-κB, JNK, and inflammasome by overnutrition explains why obesity is often accompanied by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance.445 Excess body fat is initially stored in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and when the threshold of adipose tissue capacity is surpassed, the fat cells undergo a series of changes, including increased inflammation, cellular hypertrophy, and insulin resistance.446