NFKB1 and neurodegenerative disease: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease characterized by the progressive deterioration of joints, with joint pain as the main clinical manifestation.322 The NF-κB pathway actively participates in and regulates various aspects of chondrocyte function, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and bone matrix metabolism.323 NF-κB plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of OA323 (Fig. 4d).