Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a persistent inflammatory disorder affecting the mucosal lining of the colon that primarily affects the rectum and extends through part or all of the colon in a continuous manner.338,339 The pathogenesis of UC involves dysregulation of cytokine production and signaling mechanisms in intestinal epithelial cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages, with the transcription factor NF-κB playing a significant regulatory role in this complex process340 (Fig. 4g). Here, NFKB1 is linked to ulcerative colitis.