This may be due to the fact that obesity exerts systemic effects on various tissues, leading to increased levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), insulin, leptin, and inflammatory factors, as well as decreased adiponectin levels (Font-Burgada et al. 2016; Spoto et al. 2023). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.