Among the 20 studies for which direct measurement of cancer or associated precancer was a primary endpoint, the endpoints were biochemical recurrences of prostate-specific antigen in 8 (40%) studies, clinical recurrence of cancer in 3 (15%) trials, progression-free survival in 3 (15%) studies, response rates in 2 (10%) studies, relapse-free survival in 1 (5%), disease-free survival in 1 (5%), and occurrence of new skin cancers and precancerous keratosis in 1 (5%) trial. The gene discussed is KLK3; the disease is skin neoplasm.