Western blot analyses across various prostate cancer cell lines, including PC3, DU145, LNCAP, and 22RV1, further demonstrated that IL-11 treatment modulates not only expression of IL-11 and its receptor IL-11RA but also the phosphorylation status of downstream signalling molecules such as JAK1 and STAT4, suggesting an autocrine active IL-11/IL-11RA signalling axis in these cells (Fig. 7F). Here, STAT4 is linked to prostate cancer.