Classifying the body shapes (hidden obesity, normal, obesity) of Japanese individuals based on BMI and body fat percentage revealed that pulse wave velocity (an arterial stiffness indicator), HDL-C, LDL-C, and adiponectin significantly increased in the hidden obesity and obesity groups compared to the normal group, with no significant differences between the hidden and obesity groups [12]. Here, ADIPOQ is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.