OAS3 and COVID-19: We also explored protective haplotypes comprised of four OAS1 and OAS3 variants that were inherited from Neandertals [10], including OAS1 splicing variant rs10774671, missense variants rs1131454 (Gly162Ser), rs2660 (3’UTR) and a common OAS3-exon 6 rs2285933 (Ser381Arg), which associated with COVID-19 severity in patients of European ancestry.