In Gao’s HCC Cohort, GSVA analysis showed that the high SOCS5 group had higher FA biosynthesis and cell proliferation capacity, and higher enrichment scores of TGF-β, PI3K/AKT/MTOR and Wnt signaling pathway (Supplementary Fig. 5c, d), accompanied by higher TP53 mutation rates (Supplementary Fig. 5e). Here, TGFB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.