The research findings revealed that TAMs can promote EMT of HNSCC cells by secreting cytokines such as epidermal growth factor and TGF-β, and enhance the metastatic and invasive ability of HNSCC cells[36]; In addition, TAMs can induce the EMT process in HNSCC cells through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, which may become a new therapeutic target for HNSCC. Here, TGFB1 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.