Recently, through global transcriptome profiling, we demonstrated that nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5) is one of the critical regulators for a wide range of pathologic processes mediated by macrophages, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine production, and chemotaxis; indeed, its pathologic significance in RA macrophages is comparable to that of NF-κB and p53 (5). This evidence concerns the gene NFAT5 and rheumatoid arthritis.