On the one hand, increased NOX4 expression and activity were reported in heart failure patients and in experimental models of cardiac hypertrophy (Dworakowski et al., 2008; Ago et al., 2010; Kuroda et al., 2010; Kuroda and Sadoshima, 2010; Matsushima et al., 2013; Frazziano et al., 2014; Matsushima et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2023). Here, NOX4 is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.