TNF and hearing loss disorder: Various anti-inflammatory approaches have been investigated for the management of hearing loss; for example, anti-inflammatory steroids such as dexamethasone, metformin, and etanercept (an FDA-approved TNF-α inhibitor), have been shown to reduce inflammatory cytokines and protect against hearing loss (Zhou et al., 2013; Han et al., 2015; Dhukhwa et al., 2019; Gedik et al., 2020).