The results showed that pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-9, and IL-17, were downregulated in the GR group, while anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, including IL-10, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-22, were elevated in the GR group (Fig. 5A), suggesting the involvement of cytokines in the drug response of PBC/AIH patients. This evidence concerns the gene IL9 and primary biliary cholangitis.