HBZ and tropical spastic paraparesis: Nevertheless, considering that HTLV Tax and HBZ are pivotal proteins for HTLV pathogenesis and the development of the malignant phenotype ATLL or HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) [167], more miRNAs contribute to HTLV-induced disease by targeting the pathways that enhance their expression.