We found that TGFB1 was significantly increased, after genome-wide false discovery rate (FDR) correction, in C9ALS/FTD cases when compared with either non-C9ALS/FTD or neurologically normal controls (Fig. 6b), further confirming the relevance of this pathway in C9ALS/FTD patient tissue. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is frontotemporal dementia.