Additionally, molecular markers like Runx2 (Yu et al. 2018), osteopontin (OPN) (Passmore et al. 2015; Rajamannan et al. 2003), BMP2 (Gomez-Stallons et al. 2016), inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL6, and TNF-α (Combi et al. 2023) serve as crucial indicators in CAVD models. This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation.