Similarly, real-time PCR revealed (Fig. 1E) significant upregulation of MKP-1 mRNA (t(10) = 6.458, P = 0.000),[IL]-6 mRNA (t(10) = 3.633, P = 0.004), [IL]-1β mRNA (t(10) = 4.586, P = 0.001), and [TNF]-ɑ mRNA (t(10) = 6.318, P = 0.000) following CUMS, indicating that the observed behavioral signs of depression were accompanied by suppressed ERK and p38 MAPK signaling and elevated inflammatory signaling in the hippocampus. Here, DUSP1 is linked to depressive symptom measurement.