DUSP1 and major depressive disorder: In addition to these behavioral signs of depression, western blotting (Fig. 1C, D) revealed significant upregulation of MKP-1 (t(10) = 2.698, P = 0.022),[IL]-6 (t(10) = 3.156, P = 0.010), [IL]-1β (t(10) = 4.582, P = 0.001), and [TNF]-ɑ (t(10) = 11.900, P = 0.000), but significant downregulation of p-ERK/ERK (t(10) = 3.119, P = 0.011) and p-p38/p38 (t(10) = 4.632, P = 0.001) in the hippocampus after CUMS.