DUSP1 and major depressive disorder: Similarly, real-time PCR revealed (Fig. 1E) significant upregulation of MKP-1 mRNA (t(10) = 6.458, P = 0.000),[IL]-6 mRNA (t(10) = 3.633, P = 0.004), [IL]-1β mRNA (t(10) = 4.586, P = 0.001), and [TNF]-ɑ mRNA (t(10) = 6.318, P = 0.000) following CUMS, indicating that the observed behavioral signs of depression were accompanied by suppressed ERK and p38 MAPK signaling and elevated inflammatory signaling in the hippocampus.