PPARGC1A and Insulin resistance: As a result, activated AMPK restores energy homeostasis by promoting catabolic pathways and restraining anabolic pathways.48,49 Importantly, activated AMPK not only increases the transcription of PGC-1α,50,51 but also directly phosphorylates PGC-1α protein at threonine-177 and serine-538, ultimately ameliorating mitochondrial function, energy metabolism, and insulin resistance.32,52