PPARGC1B and Insulin resistance: Nagai et al. demonstrated that PGC-1β knockdown decreases hepatic de novo lipogenesis, hepatic triglyceride synthesis, and hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance induced by fructose through reducing the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1 and downstream lipogenic genes in liver.231 Furthermore, retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) induces SREBP-1 activation and consequently accelerates hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triglyceride, but this phenomenon is not observed in PGC-1β knockout mice.604 ChREBP is a glucose responsive transcription factor.