TNF and colonic neoplasm: For instance, a study demonstrated that Lactobacillus rhamnosus exhibited anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects in colon cancer (Dawley rats model) via modulating the expression of Bcl-2, p53, BAX, Caspase- 3, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFa), and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) genes (9).