There was concurrent and significantly increased expression of the immune checkpoint pathway markers HAVCR2 (TIM-3), CTLA-4, PDCD1 (PD-1), PDCD1LG2 (PD-L1), LAG3, and TIGIT, demonstrating increased immune suppressive signaling from both the tumor and immune cell populations. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1LG2 and neoplasm.