Except for patients with HBV-ACLF, those with alcohol-induced ACLF and cirrhosis showed high expression of BTLA on CD4+ T cells (but not on CD8+ T cells), while patients with primary biliary cholangitis did not exhibit high expression of BTLA (n = 4; Supplementary Fig. 2a, b). Here, BTLA is linked to primary biliary cholangitis.