Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has demonstrated a strong activity during treatment of several cancers, including melanoma (Robert et al., 2015; Weber et al., 2015), non-small-cell lung cancer (Herbst et al., 2016; Reck et al., 2016), and hematologic malignancies such as Hodgkin lymphoma (Armand et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene RPL17 and cancer.