INS and Hyperglycemia: Interestingly, treatment with metformin or pioglitazone normalizes nonfasting blood glucose in young adult male OZRs and improves baroreceptor-mediated c-Fos expression in the NTS and baroreflexes while mean AP and plasma insulin remain elevated (46), suggesting that the hyperglycemia itself plays an important role in diminished brain stem activation and baroreflexes that is distinct from mechanisms that raise mean AP.