AKT1 and Insulin resistance: In our study, levels of Akt-pSer473 and GSK3β-pSer9 were higher in the hippocampus and cortex of adult OZRs compared with LZRs, which is consistent with a state of insulin resistance and the persistent nonfasting hyperglycemia observed in adult male OZRs of this age, db/db mice, and rats on a high-fat diet (27, 46, 74, 93).