Leptin has also been proposed as a contributor to other NTS-mediated reflexes because injection of leptin into the NTS mimics the impact of disease states that are associated with elevated circulating leptin, such as exaggerated chemoreflexes with obstructive sleep apnea and impaired baroreflexes with obesity and MetS (90, 91). This evidence concerns the gene LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.