In patients with CKD, increased systemic levels of the pro-inflammatory proteins high-sensitivity C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, as well as of monocyte surface levels of IL-1α correlated with increased cardiovascular risk, underlining inflammation as an important cardiovascular risk factor in CKD [28]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and chronic kidney disease.