Furthermore, consistent with the inhibition of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in systemic inflammation, mRNA levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α were also reduced significantly (Figure 7C), suggesting that EVs derived from miR‐9‐modified mesenchymal stem cells could attenuate the inflammatory responses in systemic and central derived by TLR4 activation in IC/BPS model. Here, TLR4 is linked to Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1.