TLR4 and chronic cystitis: We conducted an immunofluorescence analysis to measure the expression of endogenous TLR4 ligand HMGB1, and glial activation markers GFAP and IBA1 in lumbar spinal cords, and found that HMGB1, GFAP and IBA1 were downregulated after TAK‐242 injection in the group with cystitis (Figure 2A).