TNF and neoplasm: Meanwhile SASP factors, such as IL-6 and TNF-α promote T cell senescence in autocrine or paracrine forms, such as the CCL5/CCR5 axis that promotes tumor growth and migration, facilitates neovascularization, and induces immunosuppressive polarization of monocytes and myeloid-like cells, leading to the generation of M2-type tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (58).