VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: We neither investigate the association between persistent HIV proteins (such as Nef, Tat, and gp120 proteins), known to potentially induce endothelial dysfunction by promoting apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines, and ICAM-1/VCAM-1 expression (55–57), and the levels of anti-apoA1 IgG and kynurenine pathway metabolites nor the other parameters measured in this study.