The study revealed a significant elevation in serum CST1 levels among patients with early-stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) (7.41 ± 4.32 ng/ml) compared to those with esophageal benign lesions (4.67 ± 2.43 ng/ml) (p < 0.0001) and healthy controls (4.87 ± 2.77 ng/ml) (p < 0.0001). This evidence concerns the gene CST1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.