INS and metabolic disease: Extensive research has shown that elevated lipid levels may contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, primarily through chronic tissue inflammation, oxidative stress, and epigenetic modifications with long-lasting effects.295,296 Metabolic syndrome represents a constellation of intricate metabolic disorders characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and central obesity.297 Moreover, T2DM is closely related to impaired insulin sensitivity and insufficient insulin secretion, primarily resulting from defective pancreatic β-cell function.