The NF-κB pathway is activated in CAFs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by robustly expressing IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), thereby leading to survival, proliferation, and chemoresistance of PDAC cells; cytokine profiling of CAFs led to the identification of IL-1β as one of the main cytokines that activated IRAK4 in CAFs; furthermore, inhibition of IRAK4 and IL-1β led to PDAC tumors being less fibrotic and sensitive to gemcitabine[145]. Here, IL1B is linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.