PPIL2 and HIV infectious disease: Using these criteria, we found 10 E3s that affect HIV infection: seven with pro-viral activity (MARCH5, ZFP91, UHRF1, VPS18, NOSIP, PPIL2, and RING1) and three with anti-viral activity (TRAF2, TRAF3, and PRPF19) (Fig. 2D) in activated primary CD4+ T cells.