The multivariate Cox regression analysis, including TNM stage parameters and grading, additionally showed that increased RNF34 expression was a significant and independent predictor of shortened OS and CSS in patients with ccRCC (OS: hazard ratio (HR) = 2.655, 95% CI = 1.64-4.30; CSS: HR = 2.534, 95% CI = 1.34-4.78, each p < 0.01; Tables 2, 3). This evidence concerns the gene RNF34 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.