The translational relevance of these findings is supported by the observation that numerous innate immune genes that were commonly upregulated in both human islets and EndoC-βH1 cells treated with IL-1β and IFN-α overlap with those upregulated in the human insulitic islets from T1D onset patients, and notably include the OAS1, OAS2, and OAS3 genes8. This evidence concerns the gene OAS3 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.