The 16-biomarker panels were divided into three categories of inflammatory markers (SAA, CRP, NLR, PLR, and LDH), TH1/TH2 cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFNγ, TNF, and GM-CSF), and HCC tumor markers (AFP and PIVKA-II). Here, AFP is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.