Indeed, in the presence of neutralizing anti-GM-CSF antibodies, the macrophage phenotype disappeared, and, importantly, ex vivo data from newly diagnosed IBD was in line with the co-culture result showing lower levels of GM-CSF receptor in intestinal CCR2+CD206+ macrophages compared to intestinal CCR2+CD206− monocytes. This evidence concerns the gene CCR2 and inflammatory bowel disease.