This hyperinflammatory state is partially driven by classical monocytes, which contribute to the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.51,52,58 Our finding of increased classical monocytes in hospitalized PWH suggests that, similar to PWOH, classical monocytes contribute to more severe presentations of acute COVID-19 in PWH. Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.