TNF and cyst: Compared to TNF-α+TCA, treatment with norUDCA+TNF-α+TCA improved cyst diameter 5.9±1.4-fold (Figure 2A), improved cell proliferation (Ki67-positive cells) 8.8±3.6% (Figure 2B), suppressed gene expression of the reactive phenotype markers MCP1, Vim, IL-8, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 (47±3.3-, 6.5±1-, 3.4±0.8-, 22±5.4-, and 0.33±0.07-fold, respectively) (Figure 2C), and reduced LDH activity 5.5±0.5% (Figure 2D) (p<0.05).