Compared to TNF-α+TCA, UDCA+TNF-α+TCA treatment improved cyst diameter 4.3±1.4-fold (Figure 2A), suppressed expression of the reactive phenotype markers MCP-1, Vim, IL-8, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 (48.7±3.7-, 6.1±1.1-, 3.5±0.9-, 20.1±6.1-, and 0.31±0.08-fold, respectively) (Figure 2C), and reduced LDH activity 4.1±0.5% (p<0.05). Here, CCL2 is linked to cyst.