INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The present study showed that T2DM patients were associated with statistically significant higher waist circumference, BMI, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, UACR, TC, fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose, HbA1c, fasting serum insulin, and HOMA-IR, while they had statistically significant lower eGFR, HDL cholesterol, and serum nesfatin-1 level compared to healthy controls.