The traditional invasive methods require expensive laboratory equipment, consumables, and trained medical personnel which bears high cost (approximately 40-60 Indian rupee (INR) per test), whereas non-invasive Hb screening for anaemia or other blood disorders in large populations is low-cost (approximately 5-7 INR per test, including device cost (EzeCheck)). This evidence concerns the gene GSTM1 and anemia (phenotype).