CXCR1 and neoplasm: CXCL8 activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways by binding to its receptor (CXCR1/2), and plays two-fold pro-tumorigenic roles in the TME, including the direct promotion of tumor survival and the indirect promotion of tumor progression by influencing the components of the TME, which include promotion of tumor cell proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting anti-tumor immunity (Cambier et al., 2023).