APP and Alzheimer disease: Diabetes and AD have also been found to share many risk factors, which include but not limit to hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndromes, oxidative stress and inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as genetic (e.g., amyloid precursor protein [APP] gene) and lifestyle factors (e.g., sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary patterns) (Stanciu et al., 2020; Michailidis et al., 2022).