An alternative insulin signaling pathway, the MAPK pathway comprising ERK, JNK, and p38 kinases, was identified to be associated with cell apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in the brain, contributing to the development of AD (Figure 1) (Morrison, 2012; Asih et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Alzheimer disease.