TGFB1 and neoplasm: A large number of immunosuppressive cells, such as MDSCs, Tregs, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and a large number of inflammation-related factors, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, TGF-β, etc., accumulate in large quantities in the TME, which together, promote tumor immune escape, tumor growth, and metastasis (Dunn et al., 2004).