In this regard, it has previously been demonstrated that circulating levels of CD8+CD28+ T cells are lower in patients with ovarian cancer than in their benign counterparts (42), whereas the findings of a further study have indicated that high levels of circulating CD8+CD28+ T cells can serve as a predictor of immunotherapeutic responses and a more favorable prognosis in cancer patients (43). This evidence concerns the gene CD28 and ovarian carcinoma.