Of these, TNFα is considered a master regulator of pro-inflammatory cytokine production driving NF-κB and AP-1 activation and downstream pro-inflammatory gene transcription (28), and myeloid cells from CGD patients and animals show both heightened and prolonged production of TNFα in response to fungal particles (13, 29, 30). Here, NFKB1 is linked to chronic granulomatous disease.