SPATA31E1 and Infertility: Indeed, while the NOA-infertile subgroup carried mutations in genes involved in spermato/spermio-genesis (ADAM29, SPATA31E1, MAK, POLG, IFT43, ATG9B), they also displayed additional frameshift and point mutations in genes that encode early embryonic development (MBD5, CCAR1, PMEPA1, POLK, REC8, REPIN1, MAPRE3, ARL4C), which may be a concurrent compounding factor in the implantation failure observed in these couples.