CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: The CHOICE-01 study [16, 17] (Fig. 1B) evaluated patients with NSCLC randomized to toripalimab plus chemotherapy compared to placebo plus chemotherapy and retrospectively evaluated OS by PD-L1 status as defined by TPS ≥ 1% (n = 304) or TPS < 1% (n = 162).