TLR4 and Hepatitis: Our novel findings that S-amlodipine-induced elevation of fecal LPS content, along with a compromised intestinal barrier, facilitated the entry of gut-derived LPS into the liver through the blood circulation system to bind with TLR4 in liver immune cells, upregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and finally induced liver inflammation in rats (Figure 8).