Whereas plasma levels of sCD163 released from activated monocytes/macrophages induced by microbial ligands is normalized in patients treated early with effective cART after HIV-1 primo-infection (≤1 year in duration), sCD163 levels decreased in parallel with plasma viral loads but did not return to HIV-seronegative levels in treated individuals with a chronic HIV-1 infection (>1 year in duration), highlighting a persistent residual activation of monocytes/macrophages [263]. Here, CD163 is linked to infection.