For the AF-EV stimulations, we found that all lots of AF-EVs reduced TNF levels in TLR2, E- and M-protein-stimulated cells (Figure 3C,D) compared to TLR agonist- and recombinant protein-only-stimulated control cells by approximately 1.5- to 2-fold. Here, TLR2 is linked to atrial fibrillation.